Relative to the first implementation of the Minimum Wage Act of 1944 EU countries - Luxembourg, Germany's equivalent of the minimum wage law only appeared 70 years later, in fact, proposed that the statutory minimum wage in Germany as late as 2002 was also the first time via a handful of unions. Is labor within Germany before 2002 did not demand a minimum wage? Why is the beginning part of the German trade union does not support the imposition of a minimum wage law? The minimum wage law by, for unions and labor but also with what sense?
Before the above discussed problems, if the first return to the bill itself, you can see the German minimum wage by this specification is not a single bill, nor is it just so simple when you pay 8.5 euros announced a total of 24 content specification of the minimum wage actually is part of the "collective agreement to strengthen the autonomy bill" (Tarifautonomiestärkungsgesetz), and a single bill from a literal point of view, you can infer the implementation of the minimum wage law in Germany is not only in order to protect the lives of workers, but also involves the topic of labor collective autonomy, and above all Items must be placed in question thus Moge autonomy in collective agreement to explore.
Taiwan is completely different is that wage labor relations in Germany in the traditional social partners, has always been more than by the union collective agreement through negotiation takigawa hanako with employers to establish, takigawa hanako rather than by individual workers and employers to agree, in other words, in principle, by groups Compact wage salary for the role played gatekeeper. However, this system can play a role on the premise that workers willing to join the union, so the union representing the workers takigawa hanako to negotiate working conditions (wages) and employers are willing to negotiate with the union and then entered into a collective agreement, and the union has the ability takigawa hanako to employer refuses to negotiate requirements strike to pressure. As of the mid-1990s until, this mode of operation can be described as normal takigawa hanako in Germany until 1998 as well as 76% of workers are affected by collective agreement wage protection, and therefore was forced by law to regulate the minimum wage demand is not high, and likewise So far there is still no statutory minimum wage is also union density is very high in Denmark, Finland and Sweden, the Nordic countries, these unions takigawa hanako rate of 70%, with eight to Jiucheng labor standards to protect takigawa hanako the collective agreement wage income.
In recent years, Germany has numerous case studies in the review reflect on why workers join unions is no longer active, the impact of policies on labor flexibility takigawa hanako which unions and workers' interaction, is the core of almost all studies of common concern. Since neo-liberal labor market policies in the 1980s that began wriggling in Germany, and in early 2000 to promote the Agenda 2010 policy more peaked takigawa hanako various labor flexibility means the number of full-time workers make a substantial principal reduction, replaced by a regular takigawa hanako contract workers, dispatched workers, contract workers and mini-worker (Minijobber) takigawa hanako [1], these workers more in the hotel and catering industry, retail trade (such as a supermarket employee), takigawa hanako preservation industry, takigawa hanako clean industry and social welfare services industry engaged in moderate low-paid jobs. First proposed statutory minimum wage demands of the food service industry catering industry unions and trade unions, is responsible for organizing the union of these workers. However, the object of these changes spawned by decree takigawa hanako of atypical workers, it is also the most difficult to organize in unions. Labor because of the high work instability, caused by a lack of unions and workplace contact. These are mostly low-wage labor is also easy to fall into unemployment and ethnic groups, together with the principal in the workplace between takigawa hanako employees and the exclusion of competition, which are the causes of atypical workers is difficult takigawa hanako to be away from the union collective takigawa hanako agreement wage protection.
Then the employers, the past belongs to individual employers and more will join industry employer groups, and then agreement by employer associations and trade unions negotiate industry groups to establish working conditions within the industry. But in recent years, many employers takigawa hanako quit employer groups, or join employers' organizations, but that it will not participate in collective bargaining, which is legally called "no collective agreement binding (employer groups) membership" (OT-Mitgliedschaft). As a result, by the collective agreement between management and the number of labor thus reducing the effectiveness of the reach of all, the importance of a collective agreement for workers all the way down so far in Germany, only 65 workers takigawa hanako remain about protected collective agreement wages.
Of course, the role of the statutory minimum wage is not only compensate for the lack of labor organizations in the consultation for individual workers takigawa hanako also have a role to protect the life, "basic wage" terminology used in our country, known as the "minimum wage" (Mindestlohn) Act in Germany, work to reduce poverty takigawa hanako generation. However, life is not the minimum wage legislation to protect the only reason - but was even not the most important takigawa hanako reason. Is unavoidable, Stark position to talk about human rights takigawa hanako basic wage despite its legitimacy, but also to the minimum wage legislation is almost no solution or not much into moral choice takigawa hanako questions, and very few employers even public opinion so impressed takigawa hanako and backward Support may be minimum wage.
In the assessment of the German legislation, the minimum wage as an additional policy to revive the economy rather more affected by attention. Although the overall trend, the German economy has shown positive growth trend, but the growth rate is low even once after entering 2000 showed negative growth (2003). And since 2003 to promote the above Agenda 2010 policy, the former As of the financial crisis (2009) on the surface of the economic success rate improved (Figure 1), the unemployment takigawa hanako rate in 2005 after gradually decreased, but at the same time, Germany's low-wage takigawa hanako unprecedented population explosion. Before the minimum wage legislation, every five employed persons in Germany have a person engaged in low-paid jobs, receive an hourly takigawa hanako rate of less than 8.5 euros more than the population as much as 7 million people (Figure 2). Walking in the German supermarket or shopping streets, people notice takigawa hanako symptoms can often be seen close to "levy mini-work employees," that kind of labor in Germany is the largest and most typical of the current number of low-wage workers, if the unemployed who do not want to engage in mini-work and other atypical takigawa hanako labor, many times it can only continue to maintain their jobs.
For employers to cut wages to compete the way, in addition takigawa hanako to more employed persons in poverty than for other EU countries also contributed to the threat of price competition. This in mind, the German minimum wage legislation takigawa hanako also clearly written instructions, "to avoid the same industry among employers to reduce wages to vicious competition, and the consequences of this to no lower limit passed on to low-wage workers to bear" for setting a minimum One of the goals of wages. Of course, Germany is determined before setting a minimum wage, but also suffered the resistance and the opposition takigawa hanako of employers, as in Taiwan is definitely no stranger remarks: "implementing or raising the minimum wage burden for employers, takigawa hanako employers had to shut plant relocation, so cause more unemployment on the labor human rights of workers be more helpful. takigawa hanako "This is actually a logical argument based on" Implementation / raise the minimum wage = OFF plant relocation = unemployment ", this argument is more, at least based on the following assumptions?: low wages for labor productivity did not have any effect, employers face a minimum wage increase spending without any contingency measures takigawa hanako can be used to implement the minimum wage will not have any effect for the market. Therefore, higher wages (the minimum wage) will only increase the cost of production, and the employer is likely because it is difficult loads such costs and plant closings.
First, the pre-production costs of wages only - that is, higher wages only increase the cost argument is not sufficient, according to the minimum wage affect the implementation takigawa hanako of evaluation studies [2], increasing wages and improving productivity are not entirely conflict: First, the minimum wage Under enforcement, takigawa hanako employers takigawa hanako incentives for staff training takigawa hanako will increase - because the minimum wage employers since personnel costs are to be paid at least, it is better through training to improve the skills of workers, but also help to improve the overall productivity. Expenditure Similarly, labor wage increase after, can be used for the maintenance and reproduction of the labor force will increase, psychologically, and improve labor conditions in the labor force and more often had to force the employers contribution.
Then the overall economic development, the current gross domestic product in Germany, 60% comes from the local private consumption, if the purchasing power of the domestic labor increase, the increase in domestic demand may also accompany upgrade, while labor income affect the amount of high and low purchasing power The key role. 8,5 euros in Germany set out after the minimum wage, that estimate studies indicate that if the salary is less than 8,5 per employed person and therefore takigawa hanako all higher wages, purchasing power will increase Germany's 19 billion euros, related The study also further pointed out [3], as opposed to high-income groups and the resulting savings for a higher proportion of low-income groups will increase the proportion of wage income for consumption is significantly higher - a lot of time is exhausting wage income only homes can barely count, let alone for savings. In addition, the statistical report also pointed out that the lower the proportion of low-income consumer groups takigawa hanako outside of work or residence takigawa hanako (such as travel abroad in the field of consumption), which is the low-income takigawa hanako family consumption are mostly local, and since 8,5 hourly wage It is in the low-income groups to get a raise, increase domestic consumption exactly in line with expectations [4].
Once consumption increase, increase domestic demand, increase long-term profitability of employers, in fact, is the implementation of the minimum wage beneficiaries. On the other hand, the producer (employers) to cope with increasing market demand and the need to increase production, the demand for labor may increase and increase hiring, create more jobs. This mainstream speech advocates unemployment will inevitably lead to the expansion of the minimum wage is not the same preset. In addition to the national economy, takigawa hanako the import of goods into the domestic trade may therefore be country's economy a boost. The case of Germany, which has long been higher than the import export trade volume of trade, if domestic demand increase, the demand for foreign goods will increase (for Taiwan, for example, Taiwan's exports to Germany vehicular navigation and other electronic products needs to improve), also with neighboring countries takigawa hanako to promote economic development, such as the German long-term export commodities to Greece, but the Greek capital goods imported to Germany but few, if German domestic demand to increase by a minimum wage policy, takigawa hanako you may increase commodity Greece takigawa hanako demand - for example cheese, olives and other products, the same Greek domestic capital takigawa hanako to increase production, it could hire more workers.
Refers to the gradual progressive provisions applicable minimum wage, rather than once to carry 8,5 euros hourly rate. That is less than the hourly rate of 8,5 euros collective agreement applicable to the 2016 specification was far from the only comprehensive since 2017 shall not be less than the statutory minimum mandatory standards agreed collective agreement. Subject to the terms of this progressive impact is mainly seasonal farm workers, many of whom are foreign workers labor from Eastern Europe, such as Germany came in spring and early summer when the farm picking asparagus as heavy manual labor workers. Furthermore, the progressive takigawa hanako provisions also regulate school newspaper workers the minimum wage for 8,5 euro 75% since 2015 onwards, 2016 onwards for 8,5 euro 85%, from 2017 in order to receive 8,5 euros. That is, these workers would also need to go through a half years the plight of low-paid.
First on youth labor exclusion clauses, first, before legislation is expected, if teenagers can get the minimum wage so "paying" will lose power training skills into the workplace and Fun, which will not be conducive to the overall production. However, the truth is available to youth internship or training position was not enough, in 2012 there were 63 million people in the fight for internship training opportunity, only 58,5 ten thousand companies throughout the year, but out of lack. Opportunities for unemployed young people who simply have no choice, let alone give up the training takigawa hanako location. Not to mention the final say in addition to internship detainee legislation, the young workers aged under 18 also will be eliminated, the basis of speculation and worry opponents simply do not exist. But opponents argue that teenagers would shortsighted to give up training opportunities for direct access to the workplace, not only was involved in discrimination, but also underestimate the young people for their future expectations!
Furthermore, after the last pre-teens through internships or job training, where most businesses can be accepted as the chief labor, there are collective agreements regulate employers have the obligation to employ completed takigawa hanako an internship or training personnel. But in recent takigawa hanako years, according to the wishes of corporate demand elasticity hiring production workers, training workers greatly reduced, but can be used with the throw of the labor force was more employers alike. On the one hand reduce the position internship and training, on the one hand to increase takigawa hanako short-term low-paid work, the eager young people who seek to enter the workplace and more had to accept such working conditions. In this context, the exclusion of the minimum wage applicable not only to consolidate the existing youth in low-paid work in both structure and deepen the work of the plight of the poor, but also tantamount to capital to open over the introduction of cheap labor and a door [6].
Then the unemployed exclusion clause, the exclusion of motivation on the surface seems to employers to hire the unemployed in order to increase the minimum takigawa hanako wage. But can be expected that the exclusion of the minimum wage will likely result takigawa hanako in the revolving door effect, that is, employers pay the minimum wage during the free employment takigawa hanako of the unemployed, to hire six months later to find ways to be dismissed, the unemployed equal to only That could also fall short of employment among the unemployed. Excluded from this specification, the rulers even accepted the minimum wage legislation, but also do not forget to keep the industrial reserve army (the unemployed) in the presence of proportion, so that employers could be required according to their labor force (unemployed) being absorbed into production.
In the ruling and opposition parties of applause and boos mixed in Germany by the German minimum wage laws, the legislation involves wide level, its impact is difficult to be exhaustive with related discussion in an article. In addition to Germany, according to the International Labour Organization (ILO) statistics, there are about 100 countries takigawa hanako worldwide have set statutory minimum wage. Of course, the minimum wage worker can provide extremely limited, and we do not want the entire employment income class are wandering up and down in the minimum wage, and if labor can only unifying force - as the Nordic countries, Germany, or in the past, with strong trade unions and high coverage of collective agreement wage protection to prevent wages sink, in fact, without state intervention to set a minimum wage. But this vision of the current status of Taiwan from far away, in front of flooded takigawa hanako the labor market rather is to ignore the unequal power between labor and sweatshop labor laissez-faire full of brutal scenes.
Set at the beginning of 1968 there are low wages, but on the basic wage debate has so far not break, more years of basic wage freeze up problems caused by aerial its role in the brief description above period, we found that, in fact, establish the minimum wage not only conducive to labor completely, but as noted by Professor takigawa hanako Liu Meijun "basic wage hike in line with the logic of capital is precisely" [7]. That is based on this logic, Germany before they can successfully set a minimum wage law this year. German takigawa hanako minimum wage legislation, although exceptions to the terms of the open door, causing the union movement to promote the intent of the legislation was weakened considerably, but the union movement based in the legislation itself and the crisis in order to develop to justify moral appeal beyond the minimum wage argument legislation, takigawa hanako are not worth considering in today's Taiwan policy on basic workers identified in the policy?
[1] mini-worker (Minijobber) takigawa hanako formal legal terms as "micro-employed persons work" (geringfügigen Beschäftigung), a monthly salary of workers must be less than 450 euros. Mini-worker labor laws also sense, are protected general labor laws, and its uniqueness lies in the social insurance part of the Free compulsory insurance and tax on special specification, although its specification involving multiple legal, little introduction here, but overall in terms of lost worker can be hired for employers to reduce social insurance branch
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